St. Pius X

Saint Pius X (1835-1914) was the pope of the Eucharist, remembered above all for opening frequent Holy Communion to the faithful and first Communion to young children. Born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto on June 2, 1835, in the village of Riese in northern Italy, he was the son of a postman and a seamstress and walked miles to school as a boy. Ordained a priest in 1858, he served for nearly two decades in parish and diocesan ministry before becoming bishop of Mantua in 1884, and then cardinal patriarch of Venice in 1893. At every stage he remained a pastor close to ordinary people, devoted to catechesis and to the poor. Elected pope in 1903, he took as his motto Instaurare omnia in Christo, to restore all things in Christ. True to that program, he issued decrees encouraging the faithful to receive Communion frequently, even daily (1905), and in Quam Singulari (1910) lowered the age of first Communion to the age of reason, about seven years old, a change that reshaped Catholic childhood ever since. He promoted the teaching of catechism, and the catechism prepared under his direction remained in use in Italy for generations. Pius X was also a determined reformer of the Church's worship and law. His 1903 instruction on sacred music restored Gregorian chant to prominence, he began the reform of the Breviary, and he set in motion the first complete codification of canon law, completed in 1917 after his death. He reorganized the Roman Curia and seminary studies. His pontificate is likewise remembered for its firm campaign against theological Modernism, condemned in the 1907 encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis, a controversial but defining feature of his governance. Simple and personally poor to the end, Pius X refused to enrich his family and was known for his charity during disasters such as the 1908 Messina earthquake. He died on August 20, 1914, within weeks of the outbreak of the First World War, which he had grieved over and sought to prevent. Pope Pius XII beatified him in 1951 and canonized him on May 29, 1954, making him the first pope canonized since Pius V. His feast is celebrated on August 21, and he is honored as a patron of first communicants and catechists. His body rests beneath an altar in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, and his birthplace at Riese, now called Riese Pio X, welcomes pilgrims.